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32 images Created 22 Dec 2022

Playing with wildfires

This work animates a recent action-research situated at the interface between theatre-based artistic practice and social science research. The project investigating the lived experiences of wildfires in the Chiquitania region of Bolivia –an area with one of the largest and best-preserved dry forests in the world. This is an ecosystem most vulnerable to extreme fires, and all communities in the region have been and continue to be profoundly affected by intensifying wildfires.

Wildfires are one of the most pressing socio-ecological challenges of our time, driven by the rise in temperature and prolonged droughts liked to climate change as well as by changes in human activities, including agricultural practices, infrastructure development, demographic shifts, and urbanization.

This research deployed Augusto Boal’s celebrated models of Theatre of the Oppressed and Forum Theatre to generate community-based dialogue and response to the complex cultural, political, distributive, environmental conflicts entangled in issues sparked by wildfires.
A rich multicultural landscape, Chiquitania is home to indigenous groups, peasant communities, Mennonite settlements, urban dwellers, and others.

Rural migration, the expansion of the agrarian frontier, new major infrastructure projects and the endemic lack of resources are resulting in low intensity conflict between different communities.

In March 2022, 28 participants from 22 communities came together for a five-day workshop. Women and men from different indigenous, urban and migrant campesino communities shared their lived experiences of wildfires, and their stories were used to create four short Forum Theatre plays. Seven workshop participants were then selected to perform in four municipalities in the Chiquitania.

Engaging over 800 people, these plays were performed 14 times in different locations, from the main squares of towns to remote rural indigenous and peasant communities. In the tradition of Forum Theatre, audience members were invited to intervene and come on stage to explore possible solutions and futures to the ‘fictional’ conflicts presented on ‘stage’.

This series of pictures wants to represent the action carried out in the field, in a period of absence of fires: the images of the tour and the communities in which it was taken, switched with portraits of the protagonists in their real identity, and others in which they act - as during the theatrical action - the antithetical role of other subjects involved in the context of the fires. Actually in the theater creation process, the actors and actresses have been invited to exchange their roles – to not play their own story – to reduce the chance of reactivating trauma and help participants to understand the perspectives of their colleagues more fully. This exchange opened unexpected spaces for dialogue between project participants, themselves from communities often in conflict on issues relating to wildfires. More: playingwithwildifre.org
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  • Through barbed wire over recently cleared land in Bolivia’s Ñuflo de Chávez province, smoke rises on the horizon. It signals the country’s recurrent wildfire crisis. In 2019, 6 million hectares burnt, 50% of which was forested area with indigenous lands disproportionately affected. Edging the Amazon rainforest, Bolivia’s eastern Chiquitania region has become one of the worst affected areas in South America.
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  • Reina Gabriela and two of her children stand resolutely on their plot of land situated on the outskirts of San José de Chiquitos. On 31st July 2021, their family home burnt to the ground."We were left only with the cloths we were wearing," Reina recounts.
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  • Reina rushes to extinguish a small fire suddenly ignited by the wind fanning smoldering ashes. When her house burnt down, a neighbour offered Reina and her children accommodation for a few weeks in an empty room, while she rebuilt a precarious shelter for her family using the metal roofing that survived the fire.
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  • In Chochis, Yusara, Angelina and Alcide are rehearsing a Forum Theatre play which will be performed for audiences in the following weeks. The staging of Reina’s experience retold the tragic event of her house burning, represented by two chairs draped by orange cloth. In the play, Reina's character, Marta, cries: "What am I going to do with my children? We are all sleeping on the floor, we have no cloths!”
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  • The audience sits in attention in the community of San Martín, San Ignacio de Velasco. Youngsters and adults are attending one of the Forum Theatre performances hosted by the local high school. During a two-weeks tour, Forum Theatre plays were performed 14 times to over 800 people across four municipalities in the Chiquitania region. Performance locations included the main squares of towns, as well as rural indigenous and peasant communities, some of them quite remote.
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  • Yusara, a young indigenous woman from the Candelaria community, near Concepción, stands in the middle of the road in front of the market in San José de Chiquitos. She stares into the camera. On stage, Yusara performed the character of Reina (renamed Marta).
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  • Celestina rings the bell in the mixed indigenous and peasant community of Santa Elena. The bell is used to call for community meetings; it is also rung in case of an emergency such as a fire. In 2019, the people of Santa Elena fought a large raging fire for two months. It burnt all their land and crops. Two houses also burned, and the community was evacuated. People went to stay with relatives in a nearby town or to makeshift accommodations in neighbouring farms.
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  • A few kilometres from the Brazilian border, a circle is drawn in the dirt by a man in the remote indigenous community of San Lorenzito de la Frontera. He traces and explains the community strategies deployed to try and contain the vast wildfires of 2019 and 2020. The two concentric circles represent the firebreak (cortafuego), a gap of a couple of meters created by clearing the vegetation, and the backfire (contrafuego), when a fire is purposely ignited to reduce combustible material.
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  • Eugenio is the cacique (main indigenous authority) and a volunteer firefighter in the community of Miraflores, San Rafael de Velasco. He poses in the room where community firefighting equipment is stored, standing with fireproof clothes, water backpacks, extinguisher tanks, shovels and helmets. With escalating extreme fires in recent years, local authorities have stressed the need for more training, equipment and resources for volunteer firefighters.
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  • Angelina is a volunteer community firefighter, the role she played in one of the performances. In the play called The Funeral, firefighters are called by a man whose house is threatened by a fire burning nearby crops. While attempting to extinguish the fire, firefighters are asphyxiated by the smoke due to their inadequate equipment. A few days later, rescuers discover that a woman with respiratory problems died of suffocation in her house.
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  • Angelina stands at the edges of her community’s cemetery. Los Naranjos, in the Roboré municipality, was badly affected by a huge fire in August 2021. Behind her, one can see burned branches among the wild vegetation which has regrown. The fire laid siege to the small village, destroying crops and cattle fences, before being eventually extinguished by the army after weeks of effort, which depleted the water reserves of the community.
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  • A field cleared and ready for intentional burning in the community of Santa Elena, Concepción. As elsewhere, fires are commonly used as an agricultural technique in Bolivia, where ‘slash and burn’ is a key livelihood strategy and customary land management practice for the rural poor. Intentional burning increases the nutritive value for livestock and game, while clearing land for agriculture where access to mechanization is limited. More severe drought and frost seasons have increased the risk of controlled burns spreading and transforming into major forest fires.
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  • Dionisio is an indigenous man from the community of Natividad, San Ignacio de Velasco. He poses here as an officer with the Authority of Fiscalisation and Social Control of Forest and Land, a national agency in charge of overseeing the use of forest and public land. The agency’s work includes the monitoring of, and taking punitive action for, illegal deforestation and burns. The organisation, however, is facing critical challenges, including lack of resources, difficulties in monitoring land use and occupation, lack of coordination with other agencies, and political interference.
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  • Alio, an indigenous Chiquitano from Ipiáz, Roboré, stands among burned brush on the outskirts of his community. In 2021, a huge fire was allegedly set alight accidentally by someone burning trash in their garden. Alio was one of seven workshop participants who performed during the tour of our theatrical work across the Chiquitania. His lived experiences of wildfires made a critical contribution.
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  • Pamela, Allio, Mirian and Joel rehearse on the last day of the Forum Theatre workshop. The Forum Theatre plays performed by project participants represented paradigmatic situations of oppression and conflict linked to wildfire crises. These plays were anchored around a short story or vignette which ends with an unresolved issue or conflict, at which point actors freeze the action and audience members are invited onstage to replace characters to improvise and explore alternative strategies and possible resolutions.
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  • School children and community members are waiting for a performance to start in Nuevo Renacer, San José de Chiquitos. How different audiences react to the same story is always unpredictable. Some engage and enter easily into the doing of Forum Theatre. Others are more hesitant, and bewilderment seems to prevail, at first. But the tension will always shift, something will happen, somebody will start talking and the process will take its course, leading actors and audiences into dialogue and exploration.
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  • With more than 24 million hectares, the Bosque Chiquitano is one of the largest and best-preserved dry forests in the world. The alternation of six months of rain season and six months of drought makes this forest very special in terms of its biodiversity but also extremely fragile to climate change and anthropogenic activity.
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  • Adalberto, a project participant, poses with his father Francisco Moreno on an estate 15 km from Roboré, where the latter works as a manager. In 2019, the entire area was devastated by fire. “It came from the east, from the side of Naranjos and Aguascalientes. We never knew what caused it”, Adalberto recounts, “It destroyed all the forest, the grassland, and the sugar cane we planted. My dad and I were here that night. The fire caught us by surprise in the early morning. We tried to save some things, let the animals go because the fire had reached the house. We made trenches to try to stop the fire. We called for help, but it was late, nobody came."
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  • Catalino stands in front of his land burned in 2019, near Yororoba, Roboré municipality. It was a Wednesday, the day of the village festival, when hectares of cultivated land went up in smoke: lemon, banana and coffee plantations. Only half of Catalino’s 1600 coffee plants survived. He doesn’t know how the fire started: “It seems that it was started intentionally, and people blamed politicians from both sides. As we live in the country, we don't have much information, we only listen to commentaries, but we are pretty sure it was at least in part provoked. I think that it might be because of hatred between ranchers.”
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  • Pamela is posing as a park ranger. When wildfires approached her community, Santo Corazón, which is close to the Brazilian border and within the San Matías protected area, Pamela says that park rangers were the only ones who intervened to control the fire. Ranchers also try to enforce a ban on burns during the dry season, when the risk of fire spreading is particularly high.
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  • Recently cleared forest land at the edges of a newly built road connecting San José de Chiquitos and San Ignacio de Velasco. The Chiquitano dry forest has been significantly impacted by expansion at the agrarian frontier in recent years. Deforestation in Bolivia is driven mainly by the need for new land for livestock production as well as for mechanised and small-scale or subsistence agriculture. From 2001 to 2021, Bolivia lost 6.67 million hectares of tree cover, equivalent to a 10% decrease since 2000 (Global Forest Watch).
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  • Huber poses as a town mayor in the centre of San Ignacio de Velasco – it is a role he played in one of the Forum Theatre plays. At 20 years old, he is one of the authorities in charge in the indigenous community of Mercedita, which is situated within the protected area of Laguna Marfíl. In performances, Huber is accused by indigenous residents of denying them much-needed assistance following a fire that burned local houses and properties. Reflecting on his role as mayor, Huber argued that “the town coffers are empty, there is no money. This is not the fault of this administration. It depends on the resources we received from above.”
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  • Alcide from the indigenous Quintunquinquiña community in the Roboré municipality, poses as a rancher in front of one of the most iconic landmarks of the Chiquitania. Cattle ranching is a primary economic activity in the region, and ranchers are organised in local associations. They often have a complex and sometimes contentious relationship with indigenous and peasant communities. Ranchers offer seasonal and daily employment to many rural dwellers, which supplement their income mainly based on subsistence agriculture; at the same time, these groups are in competition for land and natural resources.
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  • Much of the land and water use changes in the Chiquitania are being driven by ongoing agricultural expansion of pasturelands used for extensive cattle grazing. Bolivia exports beef to Ecuador, Peru, Republic of Congo, Hong Kong, Vietnam and China. In 2020, China consumed 84% of Bolivian meat export, after an agreement on production standards opened the Chinese market to the export of Bolivian meat. And Chinese capital is transforming the country’s agricultural infrastructure; for example, a Chinese company recently secured the contract for the construction of a road between San Ignacio de Velasco and San José de Chiquito, which is part of a new inter-oceanic corridor connecting Brazil, Bolivia and Chile.
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  • Walter, from the community of Santa Elena, poses as a vaquero (cowboy). Originally from an Andean valley near Sucre, he settled in this community with his family in 2011. Santa Elena, 35 km from Concecpión, is a mixed community where indigenous Chiquitanos live alongside Quechua migrants from the highlands and valleys. The community was affected by wildfires in 2019, 2020 and 2021, which burned vast areas of forest and pastures, damaging crops and houses.
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  • Walter stands shoulder to shoulder with his mother Alejandra in front of their house in the community of Santa Elena. Originally from the Bolivian western valleys, they speak Quechua, although their community is mostly formed by lowland indigenous Chiquitanos. “I believe in trust,” Walter explains, “One will always distrust at first, but then you need to know the person. It does happen, at times, that people who come from the interior are a bit mistreated and frowned upon. I don't know why, but thank God, in my case that happened quite rarely.”
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  • Dalcy, a Chiquitano woman from the Santo Corazón community, San Matías, poses as Juanita, a migrant indigenous woman, a role she played on stage. Originally from a village in the Bolivian highlands, Juanita was convinced by her husband to migrate to the Chiquitania in search of better agricultural land. Reflecting on her conversations with a migrant woman at the workshop, Dalcy recounts how her character’s migration to the lowlands was forced because of ecological crisis in the highlands, where it has become harder and harder for peasant communities to sustain their agricultural practices: “The mountains are collapsing when it rains and fall on our fields.”
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  • After a performance, a migrant woman in the village of San Martín expresses her disagreement with how peasant migrants were portrayed on stage, arguing that migrants are often unjustly used as scapegoats in wildfire crises. The play Juanita and Pedro stages a conflict between an indigenous Chiquitano community and a couple of highland migrants settled nearby. In San Martín, this story generated a tense dialogue with the audience.
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  • Originally from the Bolivian highlands, Judith is wearing the traditional Chiquitano dress, symbolising the character she played on stage. She migrated to Nuevo Renacer, not far from San José de Chiquitos. On stage, Judith plays a Chiquitano woman engaged in a conflict with a neighbouring migrant community. In the creation process, we invited Judith and the other actors and actresses to exchange their roles – to not play their own story – to reduce the chance of reactivating trauma. We believed embodying the experiences of others might also help participants to understand the perspectives of their colleagues more fully. This exchange opened unexpected spaces for dialogue between project participants, themselves from communities often in conflict on issues relating to wildfires.
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  • A girl from the audience in the community Nuevo Renacer steps on stage to replace Pedro, a migrant peasant. Forum Theatre plays are not enacted to be watched, but to be changed. They are presented for audiences to re-write them on stage, with their bodies, words, and imagination. They are designed for audiences to critically analyse and transform their social reality.
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  • Huber, Judith, Alio and Dalcy performed the culminating scene of Juanita and Pedro in the indigenous community of Ipiáz. Conflicts among rural communities on the origins and impact of wildfires have become increasingly common<br />
in the Chiquitania. Prolonged droughts and the expansion of human activities have intensified the socio-ecological impacts of fires which are particularly severe for rural communities. At the same time, wildfires have become a highly politicized issue in Bolivia, their management and responsibility highly disputed between the central government, supported by highland peasant and migrant organisations, and opposition-controlled regional administrations, many of which have alliances with lowland indigenous groups.
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  • Ruth stands dressed as fire – the role she played during the two-week theatrical tour. It is a striking image evoking the relationship between fire and people, which is as long as human history. Fire is a powerful natural element. It can cause immense devastation for nature and people. But it is also an indispensable mechanism for ecological regeneration and an important tool to sustain poor rural livelihoods across the world. Global climate change will likely make coexistence with wildfires more difficult and more challenging.
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